{"id":30108,"date":"2021-11-28T21:16:06","date_gmt":"2021-11-28T20:16:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/?p=30108"},"modified":"2023-03-13T14:23:10","modified_gmt":"2023-03-13T13:23:10","slug":"josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\/","title":{"rendered":"Jos\u00e9phine Baker et les \u00c9tats-Unis, un amour contrari\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\/#Josephine-Baker-et-les-Etats-Unis-un-amour-contrarie\" >Jos\u00e9phine Baker et les \u00c9tats-Unis, un amour\u00a0contrari\u00e9<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\/#Josephine-Baker-avec-Martin-Luther-King-a-la-marche-pour-les-droits-civiques-de-1963\" >Jos\u00e9phine Baker avec Martin Luther King \u00e0 la marche pour les droits civiques de 1963<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\/#The-Speech-at-the-March-on-Washington\" >The Speech at the March on Washington.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<div id=\"pl-30108\"  class=\"panel-layout\" ><div id=\"pg-30108-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-has-style\" ><div class=\"siteorigin-panels-stretch panel-row-style panel-row-style-for-30108-0\" style=\"padding: 0px 0; \" data-stretch-type=\"full\" data-overlay=\"true\" data-overlay-color=\"#000000\" ><div id=\"pgc-30108-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\" ><div id=\"panel-30108-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_sow-editor panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" ><div style=\"text-align: left;\" data-title-color=\"#443f3f\" data-headings-color=\"#443f3f\" class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-30108-0-0-0\" ><div\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tclass=\"so-widget-sow-editor so-widget-sow-editor-base\"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Jos\u00e9phine Baker et les \u00c9tats-Unis, un amour\u00a0contrari\u00e9<\/h3>\n<div class=\"siteorigin-widget-tinymce textwidget\">\n\t<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Josephine-Baker-et-les-Etats-Unis-un-amour-contrarie\"><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\">Jos\u00e9phine Baker et les \u00c9tats-Unis, un amour\u00a0contrari\u00e9<\/span> <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<pre><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em>The Conversation - Fran\u00e7ois Dr\u00e9meaux \u2013 28 nov 2021<\/em><\/span><\/pre>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30114\" src=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"756\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-1.jpg 659w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-1-230x169.jpg 230w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-1-350x257.jpg 350w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-1-480x352.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em>Le d\u00e9jeuner \u00e0 l'H\u00f4tel Theresa, pour le \u201cBaker Day\u201d du 20 mai 1951. Yale University library. Collection Carl von Vechten.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 Le 28\u00a0ao\u00fbt 1963, au cours de la Marche sur Washington, de nombreux orateurs se succ\u00e8dent \u00e0 la tribune avant que Martin Luther King Jr ne lance son c\u00e9l\u00e8bre <em>I have a dream<\/em>. Parmi les tribuns, une femme en uniforme de l\u2019arm\u00e9e de l\u2019air fran\u00e7aise\u00a0: Jos\u00e9phine Baker. Cet \u00e9pisode rappelle que la c\u00e9l\u00e8bre meneuse de revues a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9sistante dans la France Libre, mais aussi engag\u00e9e contre la s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation raciale aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Des deux amours de Jos\u00e9phine Baker, \u00ab\u00a0Paris\u00a0\u00bb est le plus document\u00e9, mais le tout premier demeure \u00ab\u00a0mon pays\u00a0\u00bb, les \u00c9tats-Unis. Comme un lien entre les deux, les archives diplomatiques de Nantes conservent un dossier issu du consulat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de France \u00e0 New York, qui \u00e9claire la derni\u00e8re partie de la vie de l\u2019artiste, \u00e0 partir de 1951, alors qu\u2019elle r\u00e9alise de nombreux s\u00e9jours outre-Atlantique. Ces documents permettent d\u2019interroger l\u2019aura internationale de la chanteuse, ainsi que ses rapports chaotiques avec son pays natal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 Les trois soeurs martiniquaises Nardal sont Issues d\u2019une grande famille affranchie de Fort-de-France dont le p\u00e8re, premier ing\u00e9nieur noir de Martinique, et la m\u00e8re, professeure de piano, accordent une place primordiale \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ducation. Les trois Nardal furent les premi\u00e8res noires \u00e0 obtenir une bourse pour \u00e9tudier \u00e0 la Sorbonne. Paulette et ses s\u0153urs se consid\u00e8rent comme des \u00ab bourgeoises noires \u00bb avant de prendre conscience de leur diff\u00e9rence, en m\u00e9tropole. <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><em>Pendant les Ann\u00e9es folles, Paris s\u2019entiche de tout ce qui est \u00ab n\u00e8gre \u00bb, de l\u2019art contemporain au music-hall. Mais Paulette \u00e9prouve un certain malaise devant les fac\u00e9ties de Jos\u00e9phine Baker et essuie des remarques d\u00e9sobligeantes sur les bancs de la Sorbonne. Elle est l\u2019une des premi\u00e8res \u00e0 proclamer l\u2019imp\u00e9rieuse n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour les Noirs du monde entier d\u2019\u00eatre fiers de ce qu\u2019ils sont, rencontre Ren\u00e9 Maran, premier homme de couleur \u00e0 obtenir le prix Goncourt en 1921, ou les membres de Harlem Renaissance, mouvement artistique afro-am\u00e9ricain qui pr\u00f4ne la culture comme outil d\u2019\u00e9mancipation.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><em>Stimul\u00e9e par cette solidarit\u00e9 raciale naissante, d\u00e8s 1920, la jeune femme, avec ses s\u0153urs, fait \u00ab salon \u00bb tous les dimanches dans son appartement de la rue H\u00e9bert, \u00e0 Clamart, o\u00f9 elle re\u00e7oit intellectuels et artistes issus de la diaspora afro-descendante, Y d\u00e9filait l\u2019\u00e9lite noire de l\u2019\u00e9poque, tout ce qui comptait parmi l\u2019intelligentsia noire, de C\u00e9saire \u00e0 Senghor en passant par les intellectuels afro-am\u00e9ricains. Elles font l\u2019exp\u00e9rience du Paris d\u2019entre-deux-guerres, o\u00f9 la vision du Noir oscille entre la vision colonialiste et la fascination \u2018primitiviste\u2019 de certains Parisiens blancs pour le corps, l\u2019art et les artistes noirs.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><em>Cette fascination, Jeanne Nardal l\u2019a critiqu\u00e9e avec virulence dans un de ses articles intitul\u00e9 \u2018Pantins Exotiques\u2019 (1928), notamment \u00e0 travers la figure de l\u2019am\u00e9ricaine Jos\u00e9phine Baker (qui sera, par mariage, fran\u00e7aise en 1937), incarnation de cet exotisme. Puis elle cr\u00e9e la <\/em>Revue du monde noir <em>avec L\u00e9o Sajous en 1931. Les discussions autour de l\u2019\u00e9mancipation, de l\u2019internationalisme noir et du panafricanisme vont jeter les bases de la n\u00e9gritude, ce courant politique et intellectuel dont Senghor et C\u00e9saire, visiteurs irr\u00e9guliers du salon, se feront les chantres. L\u2019histoire n\u2019a retenu que le nom de ces hommes.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-31717 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"775\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-6.jpg 775w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-6-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-6-230x115.jpg 230w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-6-350x175.jpg 350w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-6-480x240.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 775px) 100vw, 775px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10px;\"><em>P<span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">aulette, (debout), Lucy (\u00e0 gauche) et Jane (\u00e0 droite) dans le salon de leur appartement \u00e0 7 Rue H\u00e9bert \u00e0 Clamart, le 19 Octobre 1935 dans \u00ab Les S\u0153urs Nardal, les oubli\u00e9es de la n\u00e9gritude \u00bb (\u00a9 DR \u2013 Fonds Christiane Eda-Pierre)<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apr\u00e8s des ann\u00e9es d\u2019absence, Jos\u00e9phine Baker (qu'elle tenait \u00e0 prononcer BAker, \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise), n\u00e9e Freda Josephine McDonald le 3 juin 1906 \u00e0 Saint-Louis (Missouri), rentre en 1948 aux \u00c9tats-Unis qu\u2019elle a quitt\u00e9s en 1925, pour un tour de chant qui vire au cauchemar. Ne serait-ce qu\u2019\u00e0 New York, on lui refuse plus d\u2019une trentaine de r\u00e9servations d\u2019h\u00f4tels \u00e0 cause de sa couleur de peau. Dans cette Am\u00e9rique d\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre, la s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation raciale est telle qu\u2019il existe un guide de voyage, le <a href=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/the-green-book-lappropriation-culturelle\/?highlight=green%20book\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Green Book<\/em><\/a>, pour aider les Afro-Am\u00e9ricains \u00e0 se d\u00e9placer en toute qui\u00e9tude. En r\u00e9action, l\u2019artiste rapatrie sa famille de Saint-Louis (Missouri) vers son domaine nouvellement acquis en France, le ch\u00e2teau des Milandes, en Dordogne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Deux ans plus tard, et apr\u00e8s bien des h\u00e9sitations par suite de la pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente d\u00e9b\u00e2cle, son agent la convainc de signer un tr\u00e8s rentable contrat avec le <em>Copa City Club<\/em> de Miami. Il est question de trois mois \u00e0 r\u00e9sidence en Floride, suivi de deux mois et demi de tourn\u00e9e aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Une proposition que l\u2019artiste ne peut refuser\u00a0: ses projets aux Milandes n\u00e9cessitent de lourds investissements.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 Ces premi\u00e8res ann\u00e9es de la d\u00e9cennie repr\u00e9sentent un tournant majeur dans la vie de Jos\u00e9phine Baker avec, bient\u00f4t, l\u2019essor de sa \u00ab\u00a0Tribu arc-en-ciel\u00a0\u00bb (une tribu de douze enfants adopt\u00e9s partout dans le monde) et plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement son engagement croissant contre la discrimination raciale.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans son contrat am\u00e9ricain, elle n\u2019accepte de se produire que dans les cabarets qui tol\u00e8rent tous les publics, sans distinction de couleur, et pousse ses demandes jusqu\u2019\u00e0 faire enlever les inscriptions discriminatoires dans les clubs. Elle exige d\u2019\u00eatre entour\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9quipes techniques m\u00e9lang\u00e9es. Preuve de la popularit\u00e9 de l\u2019artiste, ces conditions in\u00e9dites aux \u00c9tats-Unis sont accept\u00e9es, au prix de quelques lucratifs cachets perdus.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jos\u00e9phine Baker agit souvent \u00e0 l\u2019instinct et acquiert la r\u00e9putation d\u2019\u00eatre difficile \u00e0 contr\u00f4ler. En avril 1951, elle s\u2019implique en faveur de William McGee, un Afro-am\u00e9ricain condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 mort pour le viol suppos\u00e9 d\u2019une femme blanche \u2013\u00a0une affaire typique de l\u2019exp\u00e9ditive justice du sud des \u00c9tats-Unis sous l\u2019influence des <a href=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/les-lois-jim-crow\/?highlight=jim%20crow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lois Jim Crow<\/a>. L\u2019historienne Bennetta explique que \u00ab<em>\u00a0Baker a d\u00e9fendu McGee avec ses \u00e9motions, sans r\u00e9aliser que son cas s\u2019inscrivait dans un contexte politique plus large.<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb Dans une lettre ouverte, la chanteuse proteste \u00e9galement contre les pratiques de recrutement et les st\u00e9r\u00e9otypes raciaux dans les m\u00e9dias am\u00e9ricains. Elle utilise sa notori\u00e9t\u00e9 pour batailler sur tous les fronts, le plus souvent sans concertation ni discussion pr\u00e9alable avec les groupes d\u2019activistes locaux.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L\u2019Association nationale pour la promotion des gens de couleur (NAACP), l\u2019une des organisations les plus anciennes et les plus influentes aux Etats-Unis, s\u2019honore de recevoir \u00ab\u00a0la c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9 internationale, Jos\u00e9phine Baker\u00a0\u00bb. Le 20\u00a0mai 1951, elle organise le <em>Baker Day<\/em>, une grande parade dans les rues de Harlem suivie d\u2019un banquet. L\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement donne l\u2019occasion de se pencher sur l\u2019attitude des diplomates fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la turbulente artiste, naturalis\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise depuis 1937. Pour le <em>Baker Day<\/em>, l\u2019ambassade ne donne pas suite \u00e0 l\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019associer \u00ab\u00a0les repr\u00e9sentants de la jeunesse fran\u00e7aise\u00a0\u00bb, mais le consul g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Roger Seydoux est pr\u00e9sent.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30113 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"660\" height=\"419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-2.jpg 660w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-2-230x146.jpg 230w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-2-350x222.jpg 350w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-2-480x305.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em>Le \"Baker Day\", mai 1951.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 Le diplomate est sceptique sur l\u2019avenir de cette vague d\u2019\u00e9galitarisme port\u00e9e par la chanteuse, mais il note, dans une d\u00e9p\u00eache \u00e0 l\u2019attention de son minist\u00e8re, que \u00ab\u00a0<em>le coup a port\u00e9 et le retentissement est extraordinaire dans les milieux n\u00e8gres\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb. Le probl\u00e8me selon lui, c\u2019est que l\u2019artiste n\u2019est pas consciente de la port\u00e9e politique de l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement\u00a0: \u00ab<em>\u00a0Elle ne sembla pas voir l\u2019\u00e9p\u00e9e qu\u2019on lui tendait\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb. Une attitude per\u00e7ue comme une faiblesse, mais qui \u00e9vite \u00e0 l\u2019artiste d\u2019\u00eatre catalogu\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le consulat est de plus en plus embarrass\u00e9 par les agissements de Jos\u00e9phine Baker. Elle politise syst\u00e9matiquement ses spectacles avec de longues diatribes \u00e9galitaires. \u00c0 Detroit, par exemple, elle discourt de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, \u00e9tablissant un parall\u00e8le avec la n\u00e9cessaire prise de conscience des Noirs am\u00e9ricains pour se lib\u00e9rer de l\u2019oppression. Longue ovation. Une d\u00e9p\u00eache consulaire note avec effroi que deux drapeaux fran\u00e7ais sont sur l\u2019estrade.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Puis le r\u00eave am\u00e9ricain s\u2019\u00e9tiole. Alors qu\u2019on lui promet un avenir \u00e0 Hollywood, le scandale du Stork Club prend une tournure qui \u00e9chappe \u00e0 l\u2019artiste. Le 16 octobre 1951, Jos\u00e9phine Baker souhaite d\u00eener dans ce restaurant new-yorkais \u00e0 la mode. On refuse ostensiblement de la servir. Elle appelle la police, mobilise la NAACP, et prend \u00e0 partie Walter Winchell, influent chroniqueur radio et\u2026 ami proche du propri\u00e9taire du club. Les m\u00e9dias proches du journaliste se d\u00e9cha\u00eenent alors contre Baker, qui serait tout \u00e0 la fois fasciste et communiste, internationaliste et antis\u00e9mite. Le colonel Abtey, ancien chef de Jos\u00e9phine Baker dans la France Libre, r\u00e9alise m\u00eame le d\u00e9placement depuis le Maroc pour t\u00e9moigner devant la presse. Ces <em>fake\u00a0news<\/em> avant l\u2019heure entra\u00eenent deux longues ann\u00e9es de proc\u00e9dures judiciaires et ternissent l\u2019image de la chanteuse. Le FBI s\u2019en m\u00eale et ouvre une enqu\u00eate. Les contrats s\u2019\u00e9vanouissent.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-30112\" src=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"460\" height=\"619\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-3.jpg 460w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-3-230x310.jpg 230w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-3-350x471.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em>Feb. 3, 1952: The day Josephine Baker returned to St. Louis<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En pleine tourmente, Jos\u00e9phine Baker donne malgr\u00e9 tout un r\u00e9cital dans sa ville natale de Saint-Louis. Dans un long discours, elle affine ce que sa biographe am\u00e9ricaine Bennetta appelle le Cinderella narrative, tout en affirmant que ce n\u2019est pas la pauvret\u00e9 qui a caus\u00e9 sa fuite des \u00c9tats-Unis, mais la discrimination, \u00ab\u00a0cette b\u00eate horrible qui paralyse nos \u00e2mes et nos corps\u00a0\u00bb. Elle se rem\u00e9more alors les \u00e9meutes de East Saint-Louis en mai-juin 1917, les \u00e9meutes raciales contre les Noirs les plus violentes de l'histoire des Etats-Unis qui firent plus de 100 victimes afro-am\u00e9ricaines, et id\u00e9alise son arriv\u00e9e en France.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> L\u2019artiste se tourne vers l\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine pour de longues tourn\u00e9es, du Mexique \u00e0 l\u2019Argentine en passant par Cuba, o\u00f9 ses fr\u00e9quentations ainsi que ses d\u00e9clarations \u2013\u00a0parfois contradictoires\u00a0\u2013 contribuent plus encore \u00e0 brouiller son image pour celles et ceux qui, en cette p\u00e9riode de guerre froide, ne disposent que d\u2019une vision binaire. \u00ab\u00a0<em>J\u2019aime beaucoup Jos\u00e9phine Baker et j\u2019admire son cran<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, \u00e9crit Roger Seydoux, consul g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00e0 New York, \u00e0 l\u2019un de ses coll\u00e8gues. Elle \u00ab\u00a0<em>ne manque ni d\u2019intelligence ni de courage, mais malheureusement la clart\u00e9 d\u2019esprit n\u2019est pas une de ses vertus essentielles<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb. Pas assez tacticienne, l\u2019artiste perd des soutiens, comme l\u2019influent membre du congr\u00e8s Adam Clayton Powell Jr qui la qualifie de \u00ab\u00a0<em>Jeanne d\u2019Arc de pacotille<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans les ann\u00e9es\u00a01960, la Marche sur Washington ou encore son passage dans le Cuba castriste lui valent plusieurs r\u00e9vocations de visas. Il y a moins d\u2019enthousiasme dans les escales \u00e9tatsuniennes. En 1963, Jos\u00e9phine Baker donne m\u00eame ses conf\u00e9rences de presse en fran\u00e7ais, accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019un traducteur. Elle prend ses distances avec la NAACP, mais continue d\u2019\u00eatre honor\u00e9e pour ses engagements, comme en 1960\u00a0par le Congr\u00e8s juif am\u00e9ricain. Son dernier tour de chant \u00e0 New York est un triomphe.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 Les chercheurs Simmons et Crank ont \u00e9tudi\u00e9 la performance physique comme une m\u00e9tonymie de la modernit\u00e9. Et de citer Jos\u00e9phine Baker et sa jupe de bananes. En s\u2019appropriant l\u2019accoutrement, elle le d\u00e9tourne du clich\u00e9 racial dans une danse novatrice, qui contribue \u00e0 la fa\u00e7onner en ic\u00f4ne noire. Toute sa carri\u00e8re est \u00e0 l\u2019avenant. Ses performances induisent fiert\u00e9 pour sa couleur de peau, mais aussi refus d\u2019\u00eatre enferm\u00e9e dans l\u2019id\u00e9e monolithique d\u2019une culture noire. Jos\u00e9phine Baker qui chante <em>La petite Tonkinoise<\/em> et danse le charleston est exotique et fran\u00e7aise, coloniale et am\u00e9ricaine, avant-gardiste et internationale. Elle est la figure de proue de l\u2019\u00e9mergence de la sc\u00e8ne jazz en France, l\u2019une des premi\u00e8res musiques populaires dont la port\u00e9e peut pr\u00e9tendre \u00eatre mondiale.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00ab\u00a0Intersectionnelle avant l\u2019heure\u00a0\u00bb, Jos\u00e9phine Baker est \u00e9galement transnationale. Sa modernit\u00e9 r\u00e9side dans sa mani\u00e8re d\u2019abolir les fronti\u00e8res, d\u2019user puis de s\u2019affranchir de tutelles institutionnelles. Plus qu\u2019une activiste habit\u00e9e par une id\u00e9ologie particuli\u00e8re, c\u2019est une militante ind\u00e9pendante. Ses causes correspondent \u00e0 son v\u00e9cu \u2013\u00a0elle est par exemple plus gaullienne que gaulliste. Elle pr\u00f4ne un multiculturalisme sans affiliation, qu\u2019elle diffuse gr\u00e2ce aux r\u00e9seaux offerts par la pratique de son art, pr\u00e9figurant ces artistes hollywoodiens dont les engagements tentent de sensibiliser le plus grand nombre.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-30185 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"999\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-a.jpg 753w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-a-230x151.jpg 230w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-a-350x230.jpg 350w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-a-480x316.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30186 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-1000x674.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"674\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-1000x674.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-768x518.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-920x620.jpg 920w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-230x155.jpg 230w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-350x236.jpg 350w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-480x324.jpg 480w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30-272x182.jpg 272w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-au-Pantheon-2021-11-30.jpg 1164w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Jos\u00e9phine Baker au Panth\u00e9on - 2021 nov 30<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Josephine-Baker-avec-Martin-Luther-King-a-la-marche-pour-les-droits-civiques-de-1963\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\">Jos\u00e9phine Baker avec Martin Luther King \u00e0 la marche p<strong>our les droits civiques de 1963<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<pre><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em>Geo - L\u00e9ia Santacroce \u2013 29 nov 2021<\/em><\/span><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-30109 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"896\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-5.jpg 662w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-5-230x154.jpg 230w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-5-350x235.jpg 350w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-5-480x322.jpg 480w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-5-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 896px) 100vw, 896px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em>Josephine Baker, March on Washington, August, 28, 1963<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 Le 28\u00a0ao\u00fbt 1963, la \"marche sur Washington pour l'emploi et la libert\u00e9\", connue en France comme la \"marche pour les droits civiques\", rassemble deux \u00e0 trois cent mille personnes. Parmi les nombreux artistes qui soutiennent l'initiative, on retrouve Marlon Brando, Paul Newman, Joan Baez, Bob Dylan ou encore Jos\u00e9phine Baker, donc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Naturalis\u00e9e fran\u00e7aise en 1937, la chanteuse et danseuse de music-hall n\u00e9e \u00e0 Saint-Louis dans le Missouri a fait l'essentiel de sa carri\u00e8re en France, o\u00f9 elle est arriv\u00e9e au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1920. Outre son attachement patriotique \u00e0 l'Hexagone (elle a rejoint la R\u00e9sistance fran\u00e7aise pendant la guerre), elle est tr\u00e8s engag\u00e9e pour l'\u00e9galit\u00e9 entre les Noirs et les Blancs. En cette fin ao\u00fbt\u00a01963, juste avant les fameux \"<em>I have a dream<\/em>\" de <a href=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/les-icones-de-la-lutte-contre-le-racisme-aux-etats-unis\/?highlight=luther%20king\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Martin Luther King<\/a>, la militante antiraciste rend un vibrant hommage \u00e0 son pays d'adoption.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>La France, \"c'\u00e9tait comme un endroit f\u00e9erique\"<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dans son uniforme de la France libre (elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 sous-lieutenant de l'arm\u00e9e de l'air pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale), elle est l'une des rares femmes \u00e0 prendre la parole ce jour-l\u00e0\u2009: <em>\"Quand <\/em><em>j'\u00e9tais enfant et qu'on m'a chass\u00e9e de ma maison, j'ai eu peur et je me suis enfuie, tr\u00e8s loin, dans un endroit appel\u00e9 la France. [\u2026] Je dois vous dire, Mesdames et Messieurs, que dans ce pays, je n'ai jamais eu peur. C'\u00e9tait comme un endroit f\u00e9erique.\"<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Il est extraordinaire qu\u2019elle dise tr\u00e8s clairement \u00e0 une telle foule qu'il y a un Etat beaucoup moins raciste que son pays d'origine, et qu'il s'appelle la France.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Elle \u00e9voque ensuite ses voyages aux Etats-Unis bien apr\u00e8s \u00eatre devenue une star de renomm\u00e9e mondiale\u2009: <em>\"Quand je suis [retourn\u00e9e] \u00e0 New York, j'ai eu d'autres coups durs - quand on ne me laissait pas entrer dans les bons h\u00f4tels parce que j'\u00e9tais de couleur, ou manger dans certains restaurants. Et puis je suis all\u00e9e \u00e0 Atlanta, et ce fut une horreur pour moi. Et je me suis dit\u2009: '<\/em>Mon Dieu, je suis Jos\u00e9phine, et s'ils me font \u00e7a \u00e0 moi, qu'est-ce qu'ils font aux autres personnes en Am\u00e9rique\u2009?'<em>\"<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\"Je n'ai pas pu entrer dans un h\u00f4tel en Am\u00e9rique et obtenir un caf\u00e9\"<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 Elle poursuit\u2009: <em>\"Vous savez, mes amis, que je ne vous mens pas quand je vous dis que j'ai p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 dans les palais des rois et des reines et dans les maisons des pr\u00e9sidents. Et bien plus encore. Mais je n'ai pas pu entrer dans un h\u00f4tel en Am\u00e9rique et obtenir une tasse de caf\u00e9, et cela m'a mise en col\u00e8re.\" <\/em>Celle qui deviendra la m\u00e8re adoptive d'une \"tribu arc-en-ciel\" a aussi des mots pour les autres minorit\u00e9s\u2009: <em>\"les Orientaux, les Mexicains et les Indiens, ceux d'ici aux Etats-Unis et ceux de l'Inde\".<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L'interpr\u00e8te de<em> \"J'ai deux amours\"<\/em> conclut d'un solennel et tonitruant\u2009: <em>\"Mesdames et messieurs, mes amis, ma famille, on vient de me transmettre un petit message. C\u2019est une invitation \u00e0 rendre visite au pr\u00e9sident des Etats-Unis, chez lui, \u00e0 la Maison Blanche. Je suis tr\u00e8s honor\u00e9e. Mais je dois vous dire que ce n\u2019est pas la femme de couleur \u2013 la Noire, comme vous dites ici aux Etats-Unis \u2013 qui ira l\u00e0-bas. C\u2019est une femme. C\u2019est Jos\u00e9phine Baker.\"<\/em><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The-Speech-at-the-March-on-Washington\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><strong>The Speech at the March on Washington.<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<pre><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em>www.blackpost.org - November 3, 2011<\/em><\/span><\/pre>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-30111\" src=\"http:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-4-1000x750.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-4-1000x750.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-4-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-4-920x690.jpg 920w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-4-230x173.jpg 230w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-4-350x263.jpg 350w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-4-480x360.jpg 480w, https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-4.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em>Josephine Baker prend la parole lors de la marche pour les droits civiques \u00e0 Washington le 28 ao\u00fbt 1963. \u00a9 Keystone\/Hulton Archive\/Getty Images<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> Josephine Baker is remembered by most people as the flamboyant African American entertainer who earned fame and fortune in Paris in the 1920s.\u00a0 Yet through much of her later life, Baker became a vocal opponent of\u00a0 segregation and discrimination, often initiating one-woman protests against racial injustice.\u00a0 In 1963, at the age of 57, Baker flew in from France, her adopted homeland, to appear before the largest audience in her career, the 250,000 gathered at the March on Washington.\u00a0 Wearing her uniform of the French Resistance, of which she was active in World War II, she and Daisy Bates were the only women to address the audience. Baker spoke just before Dr. Martin Luther King gave his \u201cI Have a Dream\u201d oration. What she said appears below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 Friends and family\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> You know I have lived a long time and I have come a long way.\u00a0 And you must know now that what I did, I did originally for myself.\u00a0 Then later, as these things began happening to me, I wondered if they were happening to you, and then I knew they must be.\u00a0 And I knew that you had no way to defend yourselves, as I had.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>And as I continued to do the things I did, and to say the things I said, they began to beat me.\u00a0 Not beat me, mind you, with a club\u2014but you know, I have seen that done too\u2014but they beat me with their pens, with their writings.\u00a0 And friends, that is much worse.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>When I was a child and they burned me out of my home, I was frightened and I ran away.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Eventually I ran far away.\u00a0 It was to a place called France.\u00a0 Many of you have been there, and many have not.\u00a0 But I must tell you, ladies and gentlemen, in that country I never feared.\u00a0 It was like a fairyland place.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>And I need not tell you that wonderful things happened to me there.\u00a0 Now I know that all you children don\u2019t know who Josephine Baker is, but you ask Grandma and Grandpa and they will tell you.\u00a0 You know what they will say.\u00a0 \u201cWhy, she was a devil.\u201d\u00a0 And you know something\u2026why, they are right.\u00a0 I was too.\u00a0 I was a devil in other countries, and I was a little devil in America too.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>But I must tell you, when I was young in Paris, strange things happened to me.\u00a0 And these things had never happened to me before.\u00a0 When I left St. Louis a long time ago, the conductor directed me to the last car.\u00a0 And you all know what that means.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>But when I ran away, yes, when I ran away to another country, I didn\u2019t have to do that.\u00a0 I could go into any restaurant I wanted to, and I could drink water anyplace I wanted to, and I didn\u2019t have to go to a colored toilet either, and I have to tell you it was nice, and I got used to it, and I liked it, and I wasn\u2019t afraid anymore that someone would shout at me and say, \u201cNigger, go to the end of the line.\u201d\u00a0 But you know, I rarely ever used that word.\u00a0 You also know that it has been shouted at me many times.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>So over there, far away, I was happy, and because I was happy I had some success, and you know that too.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Then after a long time, I came to America to be in a great show for Mr. Ziegfeld, and you know Josephine was happy.\u00a0 You know that.\u00a0 Because I wanted to tell everyone in my country about myself.\u00a0 I wanted to let everyone know that I made good, and you know too that that is only natural.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>But on that great big beautiful ship, I had a bad experience.\u00a0 A very important star was to sit with me for dinner, and at the last moment I discovered she didn\u2019t want to eat with a colored woman.\u00a0 I can tell you it was some blow.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>And I won\u2019t bother to mention her name, because it is not important, and anyway, now she is dead.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>And when I got to New York way back then, I had other blows\u2014when they would not let me check into the good hotels because I was colored, or eat in certain restaurants.\u00a0 And then I went to Atlanta, and it was a horror to me.\u00a0 And I said to myself, My God, I am Josephine, and if they do this to me, what do they do to the other people in America?<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>You know, friends, that I do not lie to you when I tell you I have walked into the palaces of kings and queens and into the houses of presidents.\u00a0 And much more. But I cold not walk into a hotel in America and get a cup of coffee, and that made me mad.\u00a0 And when I get mad, you know that I open my big mouth.\u00a0 And then look out, \u2018cause when Josephine opens her mouth, they hear it all over the world.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>So I did open my mouth, and you know I did scream, and when I demanded what I was supposed to have and what I was entitled to, they still would not give it to me.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>So then they thought they could smear me, and the best way to do that was to call me a communist.\u00a0 And you know, too, what that meant.\u00a0 Those were dreaded words in those days, and I want to tell you also that I was hounded by the government agencies in America, and there was never one ounce of proof that I was a communist.\u00a0 But they were mad.\u00a0 They were mad because I told the truth.\u00a0 And the truth was that all I wanted was a cup of coffee.\u00a0 But I wanted that cup of coffee where I wanted to drink it, and I had the money to pay for it, so why shouldn\u2019t I have it where I wanted it?<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Friends and brothers and sisters, that is how it went.\u00a0 And when I screamed loud enough, they started to open that door just a little bit, and we all started to be able to squeeze through it.\u00a0 Not just the colored people, but the others as well, the other minorities too, the Orientals, and the Mexicans, and the Indians, both those here in the United States and those from India.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Now I am not going to stand in front of all of you today and take credit for what is happening now.\u00a0 I cannot do that.\u00a0 But I want to take credit for telling you how to do the same thing, and when you scream, friends, I know you will be heard.\u00a0 And you will be heard now.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>But you young people must do one thing, and I know you have heard this story a thousand times from your mothers and fathers, like I did from my mama.\u00a0 I didn\u2019t take her advice.\u00a0 But I accomplished the same in another fashion.\u00a0 You must get an education.\u00a0 You must go to school, and you must learn to protect yourself.\u00a0 And you must learn to protect yourself with the pen, and not the gun.\u00a0 Then you can answer them, and I can tell you\u2014and I don\u2019t want to sound corny\u2014but friends, the pen really is mightier than the sword.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>I am not a young woman now, friends.\u00a0 My life is behind me.\u00a0 There is not too much fire burning inside me.\u00a0 And before it goes out, I want you to use what is left to light that fire in you.\u00a0 So that you can carry on, and so that you can do those things that I have done.\u00a0 Then, when my fires have burned out, and I go where we all go someday, I can be happy.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>You know I have always taken the rocky path.\u00a0 I never took the easy one, but as I get older, and as I knew I had the power and the strength, I took that rocky path, and I tried to smooth it out a little.\u00a0 I wanted to make it easier for you.\u00a0 I want you to have a chance at what I had.\u00a0 But I do not want you to have to run away to get it.\u00a0 And mothers and fathers, if it is too late for you, think of your children.\u00a0 Make it safe here so they do mot have to run away, for I want for you and your children what I had.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Ladies and gentlemen, my friends and family, I have just been handed a little note, as you probably say.\u00a0 It is an invitation to visit the President of the United States in his home, the White House.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>I am greatly honored.\u00a0 But I must tell you that a colored woman\u2014or, as you say it here in America, a black woman\u2014is not going there. It is a woman.\u00a0 It is Josephine Baker.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>This is a great honor for me.\u00a0 Someday I want you children out there to have that great honor too.\u00a0 And we know that that time is not someday.\u00a0 We know that that time is now.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>I thank you, and may god bless you.\u00a0 And may He continue to bless you long after I am gone.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jos\u00e9phine Baker et les \u00c9tats-Unis, un amour\u00a0contrari\u00e9 The Conversation &#8211; Fran\u00e7ois Dr\u00e9meaux \u2013 28 nov 2021 Le d\u00e9jeuner \u00e0 l&rsquo;H\u00f4tel Theresa, pour le \u201cBaker Day\u201d [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30109,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"post-templates\/post_full.php","format":"standard","meta":{"two_page_speed":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-usa-france"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Jos\u00e9phine Baker et les \u00c9tats-Unis, un amour contrari\u00e9 Jumelage<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Des deux amours de Jos\u00e9phine Baker, \u00ab Paris \u00bb est le plus document\u00e9, mais le tout premier demeure \u00ab mon pays \u00bb, les \u00c9tats-Unis.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jos\u00e9phine Baker et les \u00c9tats-Unis, un amour contrari\u00e9 Jumelage\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Des deux amours de Jos\u00e9phine Baker, \u00ab Paris \u00bb est le plus document\u00e9, mais le tout premier demeure \u00ab mon pays \u00bb, les \u00c9tats-Unis.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Jumelage\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/jumelagew.sgl\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-11-28T20:16:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-13T13:23:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/jumelage.org\/francais\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Josephine-Baker-5.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"662\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"444\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"JumSGLW\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"JumSGLW\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"22 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/jumelage.org\\\/francais\\\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/jumelage.org\\\/francais\\\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"JumSGLW\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/jumelage.org\\\/francais\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/74dafcd8c5dfbdc6c0bfb7efcd1020be\"},\"headline\":\"Jos\u00e9phine Baker et les \u00c9tats-Unis, un amour contrari\u00e9\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-11-28T20:16:06+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-13T13:23:10+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/jumelage.org\\\/francais\\\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":4336,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/jumelage.org\\\/francais\\\/josephine-baker-et-les-etats-unis-un-amour-contrarie\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/jumelage.org\\\/francais\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/11\\\/Josephine-Baker-5.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"USA &amp; 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